Specifically, this model suggests that the susceptibility to developing insomnia is increased by a combination of predisposing (e.g., stress reactivity) and precipitating factors (e.g., a stressful live event). The so-called “3P model” has been widely used as a conceptual framework to understand the development of insomnia (Spielman, 1986 Spielman and Glovinsky, 1991 Morin, 1993). The identification of risk factors for incident insomnia is critical for understanding the etiology of insomnia as well as for preventative interventions. ![]() Prospective investigations examining the incidence of insomnia have documented that 3–20% of those without insomnia at previous assessments develop insomnia later (Ford and Kamerow, 1989 Katz and McHorney, 1998 Foley et al., 1999 Quan et al., 2005 Jansson and Linton, 2006 LeBlanc et al., 2009). For a diagnosis to be made, the sleep difficulties must cause distress or an impaired ability to function in important areas, e.g., in social life or in a work context (American Psychiatric Association, 2000, 2013).Īlthough insomnia is often a persistent or reoccurring disorder over time, there is also evidence that insomnia also has relatively high rates of incidence. Insomnia is a common disorder that is characterized by sleep initiation and maintenance difficulties. Preventative interventions and future research are discussed. In particular, safety behaviors, somatic arousal, and worry increase the risk for incident insomnia. Depressive symptoms moderated the association between changes in worry and incident insomnia.Ĭonclusion: These findings provide partial support for the hypothesis that cognitive processes are associated with incident insomnia. When investigating changes in the cognitive processes over time, reporting an increase of worry and safety behaviors also predicted incident insomnia. Specifically, more safety behaviors and somatic arousal at Time 1 increased the risk of developing insomnia. Results: Three cognitive processes predicted incident insomnia later on. Baseline anxiety and depression were tested as moderators. Participants were categorized as having or not having incident insomnia at the next time point. ![]() ![]() Only those without insomnia at baseline were studied. Methods: Two thousand three hundred and thirty-three participants completed surveys on nighttime and daytime symptoms, depression, anxiety, and cognitive processes at baseline and 6 months after the first assessment. The aim was to examine associations between five sleep-related cognitive processes and the incidence of insomnia, and to investigate if baseline anxiety and depression influence the associations. Aim: According to the Cognitive Model of Insomnia, engaging in sleep-related cognitive processes may lead to sleep problems over time.
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